A Wireless Communication

5G is a wireless communication and it is updated version from 4G, but it has higher speed reach to 10Gbps. : 1GThe first generation appeared in the early 1980s. Its data rate is 4.2 kbps. It has a lot of flaws Like :Store and listen to voice calls through a third party[1].: 2GThe second generation emerged in the late 1990s. Its data rate reaches 64 kbps. It has many features such as: long battery life for low-power radio signals and many services such as SMS and e-mail[1].:3GThis generation emerged in late 2000. It transmits data at up to 2 Mbps. It has been improved in an unconventional way to maintain and provide quality services. One of its advantages is that it has many amenities such as global roaming and sound quality but requires more power compared to the second generation[1].3.75G:LTE and the worldwide microwave interface Access (WIMAX) is the future of mobile data services. LTE and WIMAX constant has the ability to providing facilities for a large number of users to access a wide range of high speed services Such as on-demand video, and peer-to-peer file sharing Composite Web Services. It also allows operators to manage their network in a very homogeneous manner and provide better coverage while improving it to perform at a lower cost[1].4G:The fourth generation is generally referred to as the scion of 3G and second generation standards. It transfers amenities such as voice, data, and multimedia to subscribersEverywhere and at higher data rates than in previous generations[1].What is 5G ?5G is a combination or amalgamation of all previous Generations that are 2G, 3G, 4G and Wi-Fi with higher capabilities in terms of coverage and reliability. It converges these technologies to increase number of devices and calls and promises in providing higher coverage, availability and M2M service[2].

Production Management

1. A nation's ability to compete with other nations impacts a business' strategy in the area of: A) Marketing B) Finance C) Operations D) Distribution E) All of the above 2. Competitiveness doesn’t include: A) Productivity B) Effectiveness C) Profitability D) Operations Strategy E) Operations Management 3. Cost cutting in international operations can take place because of A) lower taxes and tariffs B) lower wage scales C) lower indirect costs D) less stringent regulations E) all of the above 4. Operations management involves continuous decision-making; hopefully most decisions made will be: A) redundant B) minor in nature C) smart D) quantitative E) none of the above5. A ‘product package' consists of: A) the exterior wrapping B) the shipping container C) a combination of goods and services D) goods if a manufacturing organization E) customer relations if a service organization6. Multinational organizations can shop from country to country and cut costs through A) lower wage scales B) lower indirect costs C) less stringent regulations D) lower taxes and tariffs E) all of the above7. Product design and choice of location are examples of _______ decisions. A) strategic B) tactical C) operational D) customer focused E) design8. Scheduling personnel is an example of an operations management: A) mission implementation B) operational decision C) organizational strategy D) functional strategy E) tactical decision9. Productivity is expressed as: A) output plus input B) outp ut minus input C) output times input D) output divided by input E) input divided by output10. Which of the following is true about business strategies? A) An organization should stick with its strategy for the life of the business. B) All firms within an industry will adopt the same strategy. C) Well defined missions make strategy development much easier. D) Strategies are formulated independently of SWOT analysis. E) Organizational strategies depend on operations strategies.11. Which of the following activities takes place most immediately once the mission has been developed? A) The firm develops alternative or back-up missions in case the original mission fails. B) The functional areas develop their functional area strategies. C) The functional areas develop their supporting missions. D) The ten OM decision areas are prioritized. E) Operational tactics are developed.12. What term describes how an organization expects to achieve its missions and goals? A) conditional expectation B) tactic C) SWOT D) strategy E) competitive advantage13. Which of the following is not a key step toward improving productivity? A) developing productivity measures for all operations B) improving the bottleneck operations C) establishing reasonable goals for improvement D) considering incentives to reward workers E) converting bond debt to stock ownership14. The fundamental purpose of an organization's mission statement is to A) create a good human relations climate in the organization B) define the organization's purpose in society C) define the operational structure of the organization D) generate good public relations for the organization E) define the functional areas required by the organization15. The ratio of good output to quantity of raw material input is called A) non-defective productivity B) process yield C) worker quality measurement D) total quality productivity E) quantity/quality ratio16. Time-based approaches of business organizations focus on reducing the time to a ccomplish certain necessary activities. Time reductions seldom apply to: A) product/service design time B) processing time C) delivery time D) response time for complaints E) internal audits17. Business organizations consist of three major functions which: A) overlap B) are mutually exclusive C) exist independently of each other D) function independently of each other E) do not interface with each other18. The external elements of SWOT analysis are: A) strengths and weaknesses B) strengths and threats C) opportunities and threats D) weaknesses and opportunities E) strengths and opportunities19. Which of the following is not one of the Ten Critical Decisions of Operations Management? A) location strategy B) human resources and job design C) managing quality D) design of goods and services E) determining the financial leverage position20. Which of the following is true? A) Corporate mission is shaped by functional strategies. B) Corporate strategy is shaped by functional strategies. C ) Functional strategies are shaped by corporate strategy. D) External conditions are shaped by corporate mission. E) Functional area missions are merged to become the organizational mission.21. Operations management is applicable A) mostly to the service sector B) to services exclusively C) mostly to the manufacturing sector D) to all firms, whether manufacturing or service E) to the manufacturing sector exclusively22. Which of the international operations strategies involves a focus on high cost reductions and low local responsiveness? A) international strategy B) global strategy C) transnational strategy D) multidomestic strategy E) none of the above23. Which of the following is not a key factor of competitiveness? A) price B) product differentiation C) flexibility D) after-sale service E) size of organization24. Gourmet Pretzels bakes soft pretzels on an assembly line. It currently bakes 800 pretzels each 8-hour shift. If the production is increased to 1,200 pretzels each shift, the productivity increases by: A) 50% B) 33% C) 25% D) 67%25. An operation that processes less than a previous operation is called a: A) bottleneck B) multi-factor constraint C) parallel operation D) turnabout process E) tactical operation26. Which of the following is not a type of operations? A) goods production B) storage/transportation C) entertainment D) communication E) all the above involve operations27. Which one of the following would not generally be classified under the heading of transformation? A) assembling B) teaching C) staffing D) farming E) consulting28. Which of the following is least likely to be a Cost Leadership competitive advantage? A) low overhead B) effective capacity use C) inventory management D) broad product line E) mass production29. The ability of an organization to produce goods or services that have some uniqueness in their characteristics is A) mass production B) time-based competition C) competing on productivity D) competing on flexibility E) comp eting on differentiation30. Which of the international operations strategies involves a focus on low cost reductions and high local responsiveness? A) international strategy B) global strategy C) transnational strategy D) multidomestic strategy E) none of the above31. Which of the following statements best characterizes delivery reliability? A) a company that always delivers on the same day of the week B) a company that always delivers at the promised time C) a company that delivers more frequently than its competitors D) a company that delivers faster than its competitors E) a company that has a computerized delivery scheduling system32. Which of the following best describes â€Å"experience differentiation†? A) immerses consumers in the delivery of a service B) uses people's five senses to enhance the service C) complements physical elements with visual and sound elements D) consumers may become active participants in the product or service E) All of the above are elements of experience differentiation.33. Product design and process selection are examples of decisions that are: A) financial B) tactical C) system design D) system operation E) forecasting34. The responsibilities of the operations manager are: A) planning, organizing, staffing, procuring, and reviewing B) planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling C) forecasting, designing, planning, organizing, and controlling D) forecasting, designing, operating, procuring, and reviewing E) designing and operating35. Which of the following is not true about systems approach? A) A systems viewpoint is almost always beneficial in decision making. B) A systems approach emphasizes interrelationships among subsystems. C) A systems approach concentrates on efficiency within subsystems. D) A systems approach is essential whenever something is being redesigned or improved. E) All of the above are true.36. Which of the following is not a characteristic of service operations? A) intangible output B) high customer contact C) high labor content D) easy measurement of productivity E) low uniformity of output37. Which of the following does not relate to system design? A) altering the system capacity B) location of facilities C) inventory management D) selection and acquisition of equipment E) physical arrangement of departments38. Which of the following is not a benefit of using models in decision making? A) They provide a standardized format for analyzing a problem. B) They serve as a consistent tool for evaluation. C) They are easy to use and less expensive than dealing with the actual situation. D) All of the above are benefits. E) None of the above is a benefit.39. Which of the following is the best example of competing on low-cost leadership? A) A firm produces its product with less raw material waste than its competitors. B) A firm offers more reliable products than its competitors. C) A firm's products are introduced into the market faster than its competitors' products. D) A firm's research and development department generates many ideas for new products. E) A firm advertises more than its competitors.40. Reasons to study Operations Management include learning about A) how people organize themselves for productive enterprise B) how goods and services are produced C) what operations managers do D) a costly part of the enterpriseE) all of the above

How Organisations Has Been Affected By Two Contrasting Economic Environments

Task 1)When the country is in the recession everybody is trying to save money and go to shops which are cheap. Some companies cut jobs and are trying to maximise profit. Lidl is making lots of profit in the recession therefore they don’t have to worry that there is a recession because everybody is trying to save money and people are going to cheap shops and Lidl is one of them and because of that they are making lots of money in recession. Lidl is in England for a very long time and when recession came, it made tens of thousands of people to try Lidl for the first time.The same thing happened to Aldi. Lidl and Aldi have cheap products at high quality. When the country is at boom then lots of business like Lidl hire lots of people therefore there is high employment level and their wages will go high as well because they want to attract more people because the business can afford to hire lots of people therefore the business will run in a very good way also businesses are invest ing more to make the business expand and meet peoples demands, and in a boom people have lots of money which they want to spend on their want and needs and because of that shops will make lots of profit.Task 2)Human resources in a recession have to make hard decisions, one of them is cutting jobs because they can't afford to have lots of employees, finance department have to calculate how much money they can spend on the business and try not to bankrupt therefore they would have to change their suppliers on cheaper suppliers which have less quality products as they would have from their normal suppliers and that could affect their business because they could lose customers. The company would have to stop investing and save money for their suppliers and pay their employees.He company would have to stop investing and save money for their suppliers and pay their employees. If the country is at the recovery, then Human resources might start hiring new people but not a lot like they had at boom therefore unemployment will fall a little. Finances will have to consider about increasing production and start investing into the business again, demand would rise and because of that sales will rise as well therefore slowly the business will be making profit.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

PROJECT MANAGEMENT - Essay Example quation for break-even point with the consideration of NPV is expressed as, 0 = -$200,000,000 + (Sum of all PV Factors) x $25,000,000 (â€Å"Definition of Net Present Value†). From this equation, Sum of all PV Factors = 200,000,000 / 25,000,000 = 8. The PV Factor for each year is calculated using formula, 1/(1+r)^n. In this formula, r = 13%, and n = number of years, such as 1,2,3 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦., and so on. The sum of PV factors at r = 13% for 70 years is equal to 7.69, and NPV = -7,721,304. It can be concluded that Break-even point with NPV for Alpha project is much longer than 70 years. The sum of all PV Factors for the project Zeta is calculated, Sum of all PV Factors = 500,000,000 / 70,000,000 = 7.1428. The sum of all PV Factors for the yearly return 13% in 25 years is equal to 7.1695. It is concluded that Break-even points of Zeta project is in between 24 and 25 years. Answer to Question 7. Big Lu is using NPV criterion that is based on the discounted cash flow concept. It implies that annual income for each year will be discounted to the present value. If the Net Present Value is positive then the investment project is accepted. This is an industry accepted method; that is why Big LU investment criteria is

Information Collection and Retention of sensitive information on Users Research Paper

Information Collection and Retention of sensitive information on Users - Research Paper Example he customers personal data for good reasons, such as understanding customer needs and preferences, there has been a growing concern among consumers who argue that it is unethical for companies to retain personal and private data of a consumer without the consent of a customer. This document will analyze the extent to which companies retain users sensitive information and the kind of information that companies hold and the reasons for holding such sensitive information. According to Martin (2014), data mining has been on the increase in the recent past. As the business environment increasingly becomes competitive, companies are looking for every little opportunity to enable them stay ahead of the park. Currently, most big companies are collecting and retaining personal data of their customers for organizational use. Experts say that the private data of most customers are currently being held by big companies. In fact, Martin (2014) notes that every time an individual surfs on the Internet and click on a website, use a mobile app, post something on social media or make a comment via an e-mail or call center, the information provided is retained by the companies for future use. Although most companies keep the customers personal data for good reasons, there has been a growing concern among consumers who note that it is unethical for companies to retain personal and private data of a consumer without the consent their consent. Additionally, consumers are concerned that keeping private data about a customer exposes a customer at risk because the data may be hacked, thereby causing harm to a customer. This document will analyze the extent to which companies retain users sensitive information and the kind of information that companies hold and the reasons for holding such sensitive information. With the advancements in technology and the increased propagation and usage of the Internet, most big companies such as Google, Apple and Facebook are mining the data of

Radiotherapy in cancer care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Radiotherapy in cancer care - Essay Example Nevertheless, besides radiotherapy destroying the cancers cells, it also affects the normal tissues of the person receiving the treatment. This unintentional damage of normal tissues is often termed as toxicity. This toxicity often comes in hand with many sides effects. These include fatigue, radiation enteritis, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, hair loss, sore skin and joint or muscle stiffness. In cancer treatment, fatigue is a common side effect of radiation treatment. Fatigue is the most distressing symptom. It is much beyond the burden caused by nausea and pain. Research has proved that more than 75% of the patients who undergo radiotherapy in their cancer treatment complain of fatigue during and after the process (Cancer Net, n.d). This has induced a negative effect on the management of cancer. This is because it sometimes becomes severe affecting the life of the patients (Barsevick, Dudley & Beck, 2006). According to Dr, Vogelzang report, about a third of the patients considered fatigue as the most significant symptom of radiotherapy while almost 70% described it as the worst side effect. Studies have found that fatigue and skin problems were the most frequently reported side effects of patients undergoing radiation for lung cancer, although levels of fatigue were higher at the start of treatment compared to women treated with radiotherapy for breast cancer (Corner, & Bailey, 2009). Fatigue is recognized as a common symptom of radiotherapy, which not only occurs during treatment but also continues after the Radiotherapy has ended. The incidence of moderate to severe fatigue following radiotherapy has been reported as between 32% and 59% of those undergoing treatment trajectories (Dauz, Duccy, Scars, et al, 2001). Research has shown that management of fatigue is often limited during radiotherapy, with an undue focus on anaemia-related problems rather than providing wider support

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 33

Personal Statement - Essay Example Therefore, I have decided to take a step to pursue the next level of education in order to continue acquiring more knowledge that is beneficial to the society and me. In this case, in order to realize my full potential, I had to apply in one of the best institutions offering the PhD program that I need to proceed with pursuing of my academic goals. After identifying this institution, I had to apply hoping that I stand a chance to be one of your students, having met all the requirements for pursuing the program. Knowledge  acquired from my degree and master’s program has facilitated interaction with different people and sharing of relevant ideas with them. After graduating in 2002, I worked as an English teacher under the ministry of education until 2006. Later in 2009, I joined the Arab Open University, where I became a part-time lecture until 2010. During the same year, I worked with the Training center of public security as a part time English Instructor. I later joined Taif University under the ministry of higher education working as English lecturer. Therefore, throughout this career path, I have faced challenges, which serve as a source of inspiration to acquire more knowledge in the field, in order to develop other ways of dealing with the problems in my field. In this case, I believe that by pursuing the PhD program, I will be able to acquire more knowledge that will benefit others people and me. I have spent a significant part of my life acquiring knowledge, and spending time and energy on gaining experience in the field of linguistics. I had set objectives such as laying a good foundation of knowledge by acquiring basics from the degree program, which facilitated achievement my long-term goals to pursue my PhD program. Therefore, through this way, I have been able to learn and cope with the rate of changes occurring in this field. In this case, my perception towards achievement of career objective is not about making a good living, but has

Research Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Research Assignment 3 - Essay Example e College in Massachusetts admits only women in their college while Marymount Manhattan College in New York and Wheaton College in Massachusetts accept both men and women in their college. Women-only colleges like Barnard College and Mount Holyoke College design a curriculum that would uplift the competence of women. Both of these colleges value preservation of the school as a women’s university. As Barnard College is affiliated with the Columbia University and Mount Holyoke College with the â€Å"Seven Sisters,† students were given the opportunity to take classes easily in either of the affiliated schools. I noticed that these colleges value the beauty of scenery, probably because women value the aesthetic nature. Barnard and Mount Holyoke colleges maintain their own faculty, endowment, governance, and curriculum with distinguished competitive performance among other co-educational schools. Meanwhile, co-educational schools such as Marymount Manhattan College and Wheaton College consider diversity in their curriculum. Women are viewed in equal parity and importance just like men. Liberal arts curriculums of both colleges tend to enhance the leadership skills of both men and women. Since curriculums are directed towards diversity, women’s interests are viewed equal to men’s interests. With these, I think that women’s only colleges advance the interests of women more than co-educational colleges. Bank (2011) stated that women-only colleges put women in the center of its mission, can make women achieve and hold high expectations, make women feel important, provide more opportunities for women to engage in leadership opportunities, and prioritize the women in the curriculum than those of co-educational colleges (p.

Alleviating Problems in Police Agencies Article

Alleviating Problems in Police Agencies - Article Example My discussion explores the position vis a vis the two great democratic nations which have led the world in their quest for human rights and whose legal and political systems are deemed to be the envy of the world.It has often been said that the modern American Constitution along with the Declaration of Independence is a result of Lockean Ideals of Liberalism(that is John Locke's Concepts based on liberty, freedom, instituting government, and the right to alter that government.).However proponents of the heavy influence of British/European ideals (Gary Wills for example) have argued that a much more important role in this regard has been played by Scottish philosophers ,the Dutch and more importantly Britain.(Kavka 1986:45). According to Sheldon the Declaration of Rights reflects "three dominant ideologies present during the American revolution and the founding of the American republic. These political philosophies were British liberalismClassical Republicanismand Christianity," (Sheldon: 16). It can be seen that the Western Ideals of Government and Democracy are directly a result of the way ancient Roman and European philosophers sought to understand the human nature by the concept of the "state of nature." (Kavka 1986:87).This theory sought to look at human beings after stripping them of all their societal attributes, in the hope of uncovering their common characteristics.(Jean 1986:46) Through this theory they hoped to discover an effective theory of Government.For Hobbes man is purely motivated by self interest and in his notion of the state of nature all humans are competing with each other .(Jean 1986:58).For Locke of the state of nature reveals the obligations of humans to each other in terms of natural rights to life, liberty and property. In contrast for Rousseau in line with the tradition of the modern natural law there was a need to answer the "challenge of skepticism" and this would require a step by step approach to human nature based on self interest. (Jean 1986:69).For Hobbes men are politically obligated to each other based on their own selfish interests which is their state of nature. The notion of the state of nature assumes that it is each man for him out there and every man is vulnerable. This he shows is not a desirable "state" to be in at all and therefore there is a need of an invisible assurance of security. For him this state of "

Stalin Power Essay Example for Free

Stalin Power Essay Joseph Stalin, the Man of Steel, is one of the most powerful dictators in history. Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union’s sole leader from 1924 until his death in 1953. Stalin is one of the most controversial figures in Russian history; he is still the subject of fierce discussions. Stalin was a very powerful leader who had a huge impact on USSR; Stalin consolidated power in the USSR through propaganda, fear and, the five-year plan. Stalins rise to power was methodical and strong. The construction of his image was very well thought of and arranged. Nearly every medium propagandized Stalins image, propaganda was used to build up Stalins image. Like a religious worship, a cult of Stalin was formed. Stalin was like a godlike leader to the people, praised in the newspapers, books and in films, posters and poems. Everything praised his deeds, his skills, his modesty, his wisdom and his brilliance. Censorship was used to censor anything and everything that might reflect badly on Stalin. Leaving, no one a chance to see the bad side of Stalin, hence having everyone love and praise him. â€Å"The soviet education system was geared not to independent thinking but to Stalinist propaganda.† Parents taught their children that Stalin was the wisest and greatest. History books and photographs were changed to make him the hero of revolution, and obliterate the names of purges people. Stalin gave the people no chance to worship any kind of religious path; he did not want the people to have loyalty to anyone but him. Belief in god was replaced by belief in communism and Stalin. Cities and towns were named in his honor. Stalin established and consolidated his power through propaganda, thus gaining the love, respect and trust of the majority of the Russian people. However, propaganda alone was not enough to consolidate full power. Stalin was a paranoid ruler, always feared that political opponents, military officials, even common citizens were plotting against his political position and even his life. Perhaps as self-defense, Stalin was responsible for killing millions. Stalin consolidated his power base with the Great Purges against his political and ideological opponents. â€Å"Under the dictatorship of Joseph Stalin, tens of millions of ordinary individuals were executed or imprisoned in labor camps, that were little more than death camps. The Purge period of Soviet history can be considered the worst period of the twentieth century.† Stalin managed to use purges and violence to make people fear him, and therefore support him. Stalin imprisoned and executed anybody who opposed industrialization, and the kulaks who opposed collectivization. â€Å"Stalin also arrested thousands of his political opponents, they were put on show trials, where they pleaded guilty to impossible charges of treason.† Stalin executed or imprisoned almost all of the admirals and half the Army’s officers. Many people disappeared including teachers, miners, doctors, and ordinary people. Around 18 million were sent to labor camps, ten million died. â€Å"Stalin’s secret police had very effective torture methods. Many of the accused’s families were also killed or tortured in order to provoke confessions.† â€Å"Stalin had succeeded in destroying any sense on independent thinking. Everyone knew that his or her lives depended on thinking exactly as Stalin did.† Stalin accomplished power through fear, by using purges and violence to make people fear him and therefore support him, by having anyone who threatened his leadership, killed or murdered. â€Å"Propaganda and fear are not enough to explain Stalins extraordinary power. No dictator can hope to rule without popular support, and this was also true of Stalin. Power can only be acquired and retained by delivering benefits to significant numbers of people.† In Stalin’s case, this was achieved via five-year plans. Collectivization brought mechanization, rationalization to the many small plots that peasants worked on and put in place the distribution and supply networks needed to modernize agriculture and to produce enough grain for export. This system gave Stalin effective control over the entire economy, and thereby the Soviet people. The most effective means of increasing Stalin’s power was collectivization. â€Å"This involved the elimination of private ownership of agricultural land, and its replacement with a system of state-owned and collectively owned farms. The peasants who worked on these farms were under the control of the Party, which in turn was under the control of Stalin. Collectivization also gave Stalin the opportunity to eliminate large numbers of class enemies, the kulaks, and to steal Party members to wholesale murder.† Serious famines resulted, livestock and grain were destroyed and agriculture never fulfilled its potential. Yet most peasants remained grateful to Stalin for giving them a better standard of living. The Five Year Plans were also an essential part of Stalin’s consolidation of power. Targets were set for coal, iron and electricity production and progress was achieved through propaganda, fear, education, forced labor and socialist competition. â€Å"Stalin had declared that Russia was at least 100 years behind the industrialized world and, in setting out to modernize Russia; he was symbolically breaking with the past.† Stalin consolidated power through the achievements of the fiver year plan; new cities, dams and hydroelectric power, farm machinery, coal; steel, plastic, education and no unemployment and doctors and medicine were available. â€Å"For all the problems and hardship caused by the Five Year Plans, by 1941, Stalin had transformed Russia into a world class industrial power. This was to be vital for Russia as the war was about to test her to the extreme.† Today the role of Stalin in Russian history is the subject of bitter debate, with a number of Russian history textbooks calling him â€Å"an effective manager† and others presenting him as absolute evil dictator. Nevertheless, It can be seen that Stalin succeeded in consolidating power through many factors, mainly from propaganda, fear and terror, and the five-year plan.

Different Styles of Leadership in different Situations

Different Styles of Leadership in different Situations In this project we have selected a case of Pakistan International Airline and applied different styles of leadership that could be implemented according to different situations PIAC is a government organization under the influence of bureaucratic leadership. they follow one way communications. Decisions are always made by higher management and then announced to the lower staff to follow without considering their consent or agreement. This leads to an increase level of dissatisfaction in work force followed by absenteeism and lack of concern. There is severe lacking of target oriented approach in the employees. Their level of productivity and quality services tends to reduce day by day which is persistently taking the organization to huge loss. As compared to the productivity level there is a significant number of overstaffed workforces which are not even providing low services but also demand for high salaries. If we talk about customer services or flight operations we see a huge gap between the mission statement and the actual practice We have recommended different leadership styles to take the company out of that chaos like retrenchment, downsizing. Hire more qualified and efficient staff, empowerment of subordinates, decentralization of decision making process, two way communication between upper and lower management, motivating the employees. Building self confidence, reducing their dissatisfaction, giving them authority to achieve the objectives their own way, assign a common objective in their favor and for the company as well. After taking all these necessary measures pia current situation will definitely be improved and it would be able to attain the best position as I was supposed to be. Currently they are enjoying the benefit of monopoly in air traffic industry in Pakistan but later on when market gets saturated with new private companies in future it might get impossible to with stand the competition with current practices Intorduction This Report is to discuss Leadership style and recommend Pakistan International Airline best style in situations. The Company Established in 1955, Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) is a national airline with a vast experience in the industry and runs a fleet of forty aircrafts. It operates passenger and cargo services covering eighty-two domestic and foreign destinations.. PIA is a huge corporation with more than 17,000 employees. This organization is divided into following departments: Human Resource and Administration, Marketing, Corporate Planning, Information Services, Finance, Flight Services, Flight Operation, Engineering, Procurement and Logistics, Customer Services, Training and Development, Quality Assurance. The organogram of the organization follows, with the Chairman at the top and directors of departments reporting to him. The structure is centralized with the top-level management making the decisions. Vision To be a world class airline exceeding customer expectations through dedicated employees committed to excellence. Mission As a Symbol of National Pride, We aspire to be a Choice Airline, Operating Profitable on Modern Commercial concepts and Capable of Competing With the Best in the International as well as Domestic markets Values Customer Expectations: Convenience, Care and Competitive Tariff Service: Personalized and Courteous Innovation: Cherishing new ideas, Translating into actions Reliability: Loyalty and Consistency Safety: Passengers, Employees, Environment and Health Cohesiveness: Respect of individuals, Teamwork and effective communication Integrity: Business ethics, Accountability and Transparency. Culture The vision and values of PIA communicates the distinct culture to the organizational members and the customers as well. Despite of being beurucratic organization, bearing cultural similarities with other government organization, PIA is improving its practices, to meet its objectives. Organizational Attributes Organizational Attiributes PIA focuses on goals rather than focusing on the ways to accomplish it. The behavior of its employees and the overall business generation is a rational outcome of the oganization attributes and characteristics. PIA needs radical changes in the way it focuses their objective. It needs to intensify the focus on means of achieving it. The Companys Leadership The Companys Leadership is structured through the hierarchy, which is governed by the Board of Director and Chairman, going through the director down to the Middle Management. We can say it is much more Centralized. Situation Analysis PIAC is a Public sector organization, which has a decision making process down the hierarchy. The company is oversizedn upto 17,000 eployees. Employee Attitudes: At PIAC, every employee is expected to behave responsibily and prevent direct clash with the organizations interest. In case of abnormal behaviour, administrative actions are taken by the standing rules of PIAC against the employee. All HR problems are resolved according to the POLICIES AND PROCEDURES, which cover a complet scope of employee behavior, however being a part of Public Sector, the policies leaverage the employee more than necessary. Employee Dissatisfaction: PIAC believes that employees dissatisfaction affects the productivity level of employees and the root causes of such factors are identified. On the emergence of genuine reasons, the employees are helped in rectifying factors. If they are unable to do so, then the employee might get a letter of warning. Employees at PIAC expresses their dissatisfaction through the Suggestion Boxes, which are placed at various location. Whereas, employee co-ordination meetings (ECM) are organized, to allow all employees to share their views with their bosses as well as their subordinates. Recruitment and Hiring: In HR Adminstration Department, there is a Recruitment and Selection. Regarding the attribute rewuired for a position, decisions are taken by the top management at PIAC. Recruitment and hiring process is also influenced by the political situation of the country. Employee Promotion PIAC believes that experienced employees have the knowledge and expertise, gained over years, to handle diverse employees and unprecedented situations. Sharing information: Relevant Information Sharing systems has been improvised and rebuilt with a more candid approach. However, information through grapevine still exists. Influence of groups in decision making: PIAC has various formal and informal group due to its sheer size. There is an influence of the informal groups on the decision making process to some extent due to the nature of the workplace. These informal groups are formed because of many reason, one of which is that many employees sharing common interests, are in the organization for several. SWOT What is Leadership Leadership derived from the word LEAD, a person who motivates the people and show out the path to a group of people towards the accomplishment of their common goals is called a leader. And a process by which leader moves a group of people to their organizational objectives is said to be the leadership. Leader vs. Manager Many of the organization workers didnt understand the difference between leading and managing, there fore they were in a state of misconceptions which will not compel them to perform their jobs in proper directions. The simple differences between these two are manager is a career and leadership is calling. For leadership you dont need to be good looking, very well dressed, very well spoken and you dont have to have a very special something is inside you. But for leadership you have to have well defined convictions and most importantly you have courage in your visions to manifest them into reality. Managing is much broader in sense then leading which focuses on narrowing issues. Like mangers are looking for the issues related to the non behavioral as well as behavioral characteristics while if we talk about leader then it emphasize only on behavioral issues. Make it clear that not all mangers are leaders but most effective mangers over a long period of experiences will become leader. Situational Approach Situational approach is also known as contingency theory; it was given by Herbert Spencer in (1884). He said in his theory that the time and the situation makes the person a leader and not the other way around. This theory suggests that different situations calls different style of characteristics of leader. According to the Herbert spencer, in this theory of groups none of the single psychographic profile of the leader exist. The theory defines the two types of the leader one is Relationship oriented and other one is Task oriented. In relationship orientated the leader must achieve their task and objectives by holding good relationship with the group, while on the other hand in task oriented the leader have its prime concern to carry out the task himself. According to the theory there is no ideal leader, in both the situation the leader can be effective if and only he fits in the situation. Situations and Decisions As it is obvious that one of the most important part of the leadership is to make smart decisions. So The Tannenbaum and Schmidt Continuum wrote an article in 1995 which deal with the study of leaders appropriate decisions along with the behavioral characteristics of leader. That model defines the whole range of manager decisions and the situations where they use and got the best result out. The following are the decisions situational behavior of the leader: The manger make the decision and announces it In that situation the leader will follow these steps: Identify the problem. Analyze the different alternatives. Select the best alternative. Require the workers to implement the decision on the chosen one. The Manager sells the decision As it was mention above that the leader will identify the problem and find out the subordinator to implement the decision, but some time leader want to persuade the subordinate to accept the decision. The manager presents the ideas and invites questions- This situation of the decision allows the sub ordinate to raise the question on the decision that manger took himself in order to implement the solution of the problem. The manager presents a tentative decision that is subjected to change- Here in this situation the manager is subjected to change the decision accordingly, in that process the decision will not be the one side the subordinators are also the part of it. But the final decision will be taken by manager. The manager presents the problem, gets suggestions, and then makes the decisions- The manger will allow his co-worker to compliment on the problem and make the decision based on the suggestion given by the subordinators. It is the better solution of taking decisions. The manger defines the limit and asks the group to take the decisions In that situation the subordinators are subjected to take the decision with keeping in mind the problem, but the limits are also defined already so that no one can cross it. In that way a democratic decision came into being and it is very effective and efficient way of taking decisions. Forces influencing Managers Decision Making There are many factors that influencing in manger decision making some are briefed below: Individual forces Organizational forces Environmental forces Cross interactions forces. The above mentioned forces are few that influenced in a decision making process. Firstly the individual forces, as it was observed that there is a diversification factor in every organization. That diversification influences the impact on decision that is taken by the managerial staff because every one believes to have the decision in their benefits. The second factors is organizational forces, In that force the factors that effect are individual attitudes towards change, organization culture, expectations of the embodies that are responsible for openness, changes and risk taking. The last forces are assumed to be relevant because innovation adoption is likely to vary depending on the type of business and the nature of the competitors landscape. Fources influenceing Managers Decision Making Forces in Manager There are four factors that manager should feel inside them, without them the manager is not emphasize on a proper direction by which he has a chance to solve the problems efficiently. The first factor is managers values, as the manager in any department is the most responsible person who is able to take decision accordingly and who is responsible for the growth of efficiency, growth of subordinate, and company profit. Therefore it is very important to find out your position in an organization. The second factor is the level of confidence on your subordinates. It is obvious if you trust more in your subordinators the decision style will be more relevant to the democratic style, and if your lesser believers in your co-workers then the decision will be one sided which is not good. The third factor is personal leadership strength. Manager should find out the strength in them and ability to work in a worst situation very effectively. If manager is not clear with his piece of mind then he or she would not be able to direct their subordinate in a correct way. The fourth factor in the manager is tolerance for ambiguity. Being a manager it is his responsibility to take decision after listening to their subordinates but if the situation is exactly opposite to it then the style will be converted from boss centered to subordinate centered style. A manger who is disturbed by this loss of certainty will find him self in a complete ambiguity situation and will not be successful as a subordinate centered leader. Forces in Situations There are many situational factors which force the manager to take decision. In an organization to work in group are beneficiary factors to all. In order to achieve the organizational common goals it is to be required to work as one team. The second factor that influences in a situation is effectiveness of a group. As manager want to take a decision then first manager should analyze the performance of their subordinate either they are effective to achieve that goal or not. The third force of situation is the problem to be solved. It is required in an organization to be co-ordinate the groups with each other in order to get the best result com up with. And if the question is to solve the problem then it is to be sure that every one pays deep attention to solve it. The fourth situational force is the time available to make decision. It is obvious that group can took a long time to accomplish a task rather then individual can do it before. So before taking decision there has to be time defined. Empowerment Distribution What does empower mean: to give authority taking or seizing power Process of gaining profit by giving strength. Empowerment is a Process by which individuals and groups gain power, access to resources and control over their own lives. After doing so the workers will attain the power and strength to attain their highest personal and objectives goal of an organization. Empowerment can be distributing the following factors: Resource Consultant role Sensitizer role Cooperator role Firstly we discuss resource consultant role: Linking subordinators to resources so that they enhance their self-esteem and problem solving skills. Linking co-workers to resources so they can also work towards achieving their own independence and own control over their lives. Secondly sensitizer role: Helping the subordinates to gain the knowledge which is necessary to take control of their own lives. Empowered person and reliable workers recognizes and identifies their own strengths and the strengths of others. Finally Corporate role: Subordinators are the one who is self-determining in achieving self-efficacy and empowerment. Connecting empowered person to others who share common histories, issues, and barriers. Limits of Authority As it was discussed above that there is the manager who defines the limits of authority to every subordinator. If the limits are not defined then every one will be the manager of the company or concerned department. So there must be applying of limits in each and every post of the organization. Types of Leadership Autocratic Leadership This kind of leader ship involves absolute power over team members. even if the concern and involvement of team member is important but it is not considered all the decisions are made solely by leader. It is normally applicable to control the unskilled work force and to take instant control over chaos in the organization Characteristics These leaders have following characteristics they take the whole responsibility on themselves and make the team members to accomplish the task appropriately they feel that the close monitoring and supervision of team is required they normally take the team members inexperienced and unable to fulfill the task independently they only make the decision and announce it in team they only rely on themselves to meet the objectives of organization Situations In PIAC current situation the level of task orientation is low where as aggressiveness of work force is also lacking .here is a gap between the level of productivity and skills of the employees. It seriously needs an autocratic leader who would lead the organization by his own decision and take full responsibility over himself in order to achieve the organizational objectives. At the same time he would monitor the whole working structure closely and with complete vigilance. As the staff currently working is not capable to take the organization out of such chaos. Beurucratic/Transactional Leadership It is quiet a mechanical sort of leadership as it involves only the designed rules and policies made by the organization that has to be followed at any cost by followers. Regardless of the fact that they accept it or make them feel comfortable or not. Such kind of leadership is applicable for those leaders who are leading factory workers involving machine handling and jobs involving precautionary measures Characteristics they show the supremacy of their powers on their followers and they have to obey they try to maintain strict and systematic discipline in the followers they promote the followers who are able to conform to the rules they need their followers to accomplish the task just according to specified rules Situations Currently bureaucratic leadership is being practiced in the whole organization it should be confined to only engineering department as p.i.a deals with air traveling and may face technical issues in the aircrafts mostly due to malfunctioning of machinery in planes. there are many planes in p.i.a that are still not operational. if they assign any bureaucratic leader to achieve the task of fixing up the impaired machinery by the mechanical staff and engineers he can definitely make them accomplish the task efficiently and within the defined period of time. he would make them follow the safety rules and policies of the company with full acceptance. it would be helpful in increasing the fleet of p.i.a and hence increasing the number of flights and thus productivity levels and profits are also increased Democratic/Pedagogical Leadership This kind of leadership attains the maximum level of satistfaction and motivation from the followers as it involves the decision making process to be done not only by leaders but also the followers participate in it.team members feel equal importance and take the ownership of the task to be accomplished.it emphasizes on team work Characteristics they help the team members to express their skills by open invitation to take part in decision making process they improve the productivity by emphasizing on team work they focus on the quality of end result to be achieved regardless of time they believe that financial rewards are not the only source of motivation but making them feel self governing is a major source Consultive Persuasive Situations In PIAC the employees face situations in which teamwork is mainly required for instance Human resource department plans a meeting to revise the hiring policy. Finance department decides to amend the obsolete salary structure. Marketing department plans to launch a new promotion to attract the customers. All these activities require team work effort rather than centralized decisions.If the whole department officials give their input in the decision making process it would definitely give a better picture of final objective The level of concern of team members will also be increased that enhance the overall performance of organization Laissez-Faire It is derived from French phrase leave it be.it involves the full empowerment of team members to achieve the task on their own.it is normally practiced to those teams in which every team member is a self starter and experienced indivisual Characteristics they rely mainly on their team member and normally dont take the whole responsibility of task accomplishment on their own they only communicate the requirement and then leave the members to perform the task their own way they may loose the control over the team by giving them complete authority they sometimes take the feedback of what is being achieved or to which extent Situations In PIAC this kind of leadership only applies in a situation where we hire highly experienced and qualified group of employee that doesnt need any kind of strict supervision and include mainly self starters and motivated individuals. it seems quite an ideal situation in p.i.a as its employees are dissatisfied with the current salary structure so competitive salary packages should be assigned for them so work with complete satisfaction and ownership Corrective Leadership It involves the empowerment of group members in order to facilitate the collaborative and synergized environment. it results in equal participation of leader with employees in the process of task accomplishment Characteristics They treat the team members equally and fairly They work with them as a team member to increase their motivation level They standby the group members at every step to show his concern as a team Situations In PIAC there is a total one way communication from upper management to lower staff. there is a serious need of manager who better take themselves as team player rather a dictator as the decision making process is centralized here so rather than imposing the goals on subordinates and just over see what is being done they better work along with them in order to motivate and get better results from them. Suppose if you are manager finance in p.i.a so you should not only make decisions to design the budget, cost cutting etc. but also participate with team to implement that in an appropriate manner Creative Leadership It involves facing new challenges, and recognizes and track new opportunities through bold innovations. Experimentation with changing the current practice involves a factor of uncertainty in the success of outcomes. Risk taking attitude is important in creative leadership Characteristics They are good at generating new ideas to change commonplace thing They try to experiment with those ideas which seems to be affective by their judgment They are quiet independent and require less approval from subordinates They have ability to manage the consequences of those experiments They often change the working pattern of group by introducing new ideas They have strong imagination to foresee how things would be after innovation Situations In PIAC if there is a situation that market gets saturated with competitors so marketing department requires a creative leader who can design an innovative plane to capture new customers and retain the old customer by taking many creative steps and experimenting new promotions and offers to capture the market share ,enhancing the quality of services and products etc Bridging/Synergical Leadership It involves the bridging of leader and follower relationship with confidence, trust and empathy by effective communication of leader with follower. It results in boosting the confidence level of group members thus motivating them to face the difficulty or challenge Characteristics They try to create a friendly relationship with employees by identifying their social need They counsel the team members to help them get rid of any personal issue They appreciate their achievements hence enhancing their confidence level They try to create an environment of trust and coordination within the whole group Situations In PIAC if there is a huge gap between managers and subordinates thats needs to be filled. They seriously need a bridging leadership style to gain the trust of employees and reduce their turnover. Issue like absenteeism which is due to lack of satisfaction of employees can be resolved by their counseling and seriously try to understand and resolve their internal issues. it would definitely help to improve the organizational environment and the overall impact would be positive in terms of employee performance and loyalty Change Leadership This style of leader ship involves supporting the alteration in current rules and policies. This results in thinking beyond resolving a single issue or individual concern and hence improving the whole system or whole organization Charateristics Such leaders focus on improving the current environment of organization They dont focus only on minor issues with in a specific department They tend to change the rules and policies of organization in its benefit They make decisions that affect the whole organization Situations If PIAC face severe deficit and over sizing of staff so it seriously needs a change leader that leads to change the policies of organization that emphasize on improving the current situation by making alteration in obsolete rules and restructure almost every department of company. Retrenchment and downsizing to recover the organization from further deficit might be one of the altering measures. there are some other modifications needed to improve the current condition of PIAC Leadership Styles Transformational Leadership In this type of leadership organizations success is achieved by profoundly affecting followers beliefs and values such as justice and integrity. Through this style of leadership a sense of duty is created, it promotes learning for organization and new ways of handling problems are encouraged. Working as a Transformational Leader is a wonderful and uplifting experience. You have to put passion and energy to achieve success. Charactersitics Task of Transformational Leaders First the leaders creates the awareness about organizations issues among followers by inspiring them to follow you and the way to get things done is by injecting enthusiasm and energy among the followers. Than they create a vision of the future that will excite and convert potential followers. The Transformational Leader should be very careful in developing the trust for him among followers, and their personal integrity is a very important and critical part of the package that they are selling. Their role is to be at front and central during the action. They are always visible and will stand up to be counted among others. Their attitudes and actions clearly reflects how everyone else should behave. Transformational Leaders make consistent efforts to motivate and rally their followers. Situations PIA needs transformation from the image of a white elephant, just making heavy losses to a profitable public organization as it had been in the past. Employees should be made aware of this need and he should always keep in mind what are the main goals of his organization. But employees needs, aspirations and interests should be fulfilled first only than he will be motivated to focus on achieving organizations goals. Coaching Leadership Its a style of leadership in which followers are instructed to how to meet the special organizational objectives. Coaching is a one to one relationship where coach instructs the followers to focus on and achieve what is important. Charactersitics Coaching is defined at four levels First its a belief system, coaches starts from making their followers to believe that their issues will be addressed and they will be solved . Coaching in a well defined Leadership style, where leaders seeks to keep the ownership of issues and problems faced by their followers. Third, coaching is defined by a set of tools and models like the GROW problem solving model so that they understand it better. Finally, there is a coaching skill-set which is deployed at followers very skillfully coaching them their tasks Situations In engineering, cabin crew and customer service department heads should instruct their followers to meet PIACs goal of better customer care and service. As a leader he should have good listening skills, insight, concern of welfare and patience towards followers to be able to lead them. Only by having good communication skills and attitude towards his employees he would be able to effectively instruct them Superleadership In this style the leader, leads his followers by showing them how to lead themselves. If he succeeds he develop followers who are very productive and needs minimum assistance from their leader in future. Charactersitics Here the leader teaches his followers how to think in different situations on their own and act constructively and independently. An organization cant succeed unless its members become proficient in leading themselves and thus today it is one of the very basic requirements of any organization. It is the job of the super leader to develop such followers who have these qualities in them. Situations Senior directors and other senior managers at PIAC could be best to act as a super leader as they have vast experience and they have performed in several critical situations they can make decision on their o

Introduction About The Lg Corporation Marketing Essay

Introduction About The Lg Corporation Marketing Essay Nowadays, there are many successful companies in all around the world and in the different branches of technology such as, Microsoft, Nokia, Samsung, Toyota and Toshiba. They are always trying to discover new ways to make peoples life easier. Today, there are many companies that are working in many branches of technology such as, mobile communications, home appliances, and technology innovator in consumer electronics. LG Corporation (LG Corp.) was established in October 1958[1]. LG is a Korean company and their headquarters is located at Seoul. LG is most commonly associated with the catch phrase Lifes Good but the name LG is actually the abbreviation of Lucky Goldstar. This name came from combining the work Lak-Hui(pronounced as Lucky) from Lak-Hui Chemical Industrial Corp. and Goldstar from GoldStar Co.(currently known as LG Electronics). During the past few years LG Corporation has introduced new technologies such as hard disks, computer monitors, laptops and cell phones to compet e with other companies. LG Corporation has plenty of reasons for being successful, but we will discuss the importance of Internet Social Changes, Changing Nature of Organisation and Business organisation and its Environment. Internet and Social Changes: Nowadays, Internet becomes a common thing in our life that playing important roles. Internet is one of the most powerful tools that have so many advantages, disadvantages and effects on numerous things in our life such as, Online Banking, Online Shopping, and Online Medical Advice and so on[2]. These kinds of services have made a new way in todays world. In the present time, many companies, shops and stores are connected to the internet for do their daily works. Having internet service is extremely necessary for every company. Internet is exactly like a service that is able to change everything in society. LG Corporation is just the same as other companies; they also have their own website which is http://www.lg.com[3] that contains many useful services for customers to connecting to the company. Having that website has a lot of benefits for LG Corporation. They include sharing information about all their products and company progress as well as advertising. Internet allows every company, businesses users and customers can connect in all around the world without any accessible problems. LG Corporation is able to share all necessary information about all products and progress of the company in their own website. This is because they explain every detail about their products on their website. On the other hand, every costumer is able connect to LG Corporations website to view the new products. In addition, server administrator can show all necessary information such as price, specifications and technology used in the website. It is because it can help customers to find products which suits their own preference and budget. In the present time, there are many ways for advertising such as through Televisions, Newspapers, Billboards, Wall Painting and Posters. To do these needs a lot of investments but today there is an alternative way which is way cheaper. Internet advertising is another thing that created a big change to the society and many strong companies. LG Corporation also uses internet advertising; it is because doing that kind of advertising has increased the companys profit. According to research that we have done from different websites we have discovered LGs purposes of doing internet advertising which are:-[4] (1) Finding new costumers and presenting new products. (2) To increase sales. (3) How to use new products and how those products can change the customers life by making their work easier. Besides that, there is another benefit of using the Internet on society. All customers can contact a support representative or send a message to Customer Service and Support of LG Corporation at any time of the day and they will respond to the costumers as soon as possible. All costumers from all around the world after connecting to the LG Corporations website to obtain information as well as getting the location of local LG distributers nearby the customers. One of the benefits of this society change is making shopping easier for all costumers. Changing Nature of Organisation GoldStar (currently known as LG Corporation) was formed in 1958. GoldStar then changed their name to LG Corporation in the year 1995. Their objective is to make customers happy through creating digital products and providing good service. Before this, their goal was to be the global top 3 companies dealing in electronics and telecommunications. To achieve this, they had several strategies in hand. Among this is Fast Growth. Fast Growth is done by expanding their earnings quickly as well as to improve the quality of their products instead of the products quantity. Besides that, they also have core capabilities which are divided into six. They are Product Leadership, Market Leadership, People Leadership, No Excuses, We not I and Fun Workplace. As for Product Leadership, it refers to their capabilities to invent top-quality products as well as using new technologies. Market Leadership is their ability to make LG the number one brand worldwide. People Leadership is their staffs abilities to perform extremely well. No Excuses refers to the company as well as its staffs to not blame anything for not achieving goals. We not I is to strengthen team work as well as not crediting work as only a person achievement but crediting the work to the contributing team. Fun Workplace is the workplace created by the company where staffs have their freedoms respected as well as a fun working environment. LG Corporation is a Public Limited company. This means that their shares are sold publicly and their major stockholders are given the companies yearly report. In 2008, LG Corporation paid out 57,232 million Korean Won to their shareholders. Another characteristic of a Public Limited company is they must have at least two directors with minimum age of retirement of 70. At the moment, LG Corporation has seven directors. These seven directors are divided in to two, Internal Director and External Director. There are three Internal Directors whom are Yong Nam(Vice Chairman CEO, LG Electronics), David Jung(CFO of LG Electronics) and Yu Sig Kang(CEO of LG Corporation). The four External Directors are Sang Hee Kim, In Ki Joo, Kyu Min Lee and Sung Won Hong. Business Organisation and its Environment As we know, every company has its own controllable environment and non-controllable environment. Controllable environment refers to the internal environment of the company and Non-controllable environment refers to the external environment of the company. The controllable environment and non-controllable environment plays a big role with the company. This is because it can influence many things such as sales, production, perception and many others. Therefore it is important for a company to maintain its proper internal and external environment. LG Corporation also maintains its internal and external environment. Internal Environment For their internal environment, LG Corporation is able to maintain the main four contents of internal environment which are labour, money, materials and equipment. At the firs, Labour refers to people who perform manual work and Manual work refers to work done with hands. LG Corporation has more than 82,000 employees whom work in many different fields of work in over 110 different countries. How does LG Corporation ensure that their staff will stay happy and loyal to the company? Firstly, LG Corporation provides training to their staff for both work related and ethics related. This is to meld the staff to be able to perform as well as to be an ethical person. This ensures that their staffs are kept up to date with the current technologies and methods to increase productivity of work. Secondly, LG Corporation provides rewards to their staff based on their performance. Besides that, LG Corporation has their own unique rewards system which rewards staff based on several factors such as working conditions. This is to give motivation to their staff to perform better when doing their jobs at work. If the staff at LG Corporation were to rebel, chaos w ould occur at the work place and production will decline and less work will be done. Second, Money refers to a medium the company has which they can use to exchange for materials, services and many other things. Money is the most important item a company must have since it is the medium used for trade. Since LG Corporation has been having profits for the past few years, they do not have to worry about not having enough money. LG Corporation uses money to purchase goods, materials, pay staffs salary, pay taxes, open new branches, pay for land, pay shareholders and many more. Without money, the company is considered bankrupt and will have to go through court order. The company will have its business stopped and all of the companys assets will be sold and the money obtained from selling those assets will be used to pay off all of the companys debts. Materials refer to the raw materials needed to build or make items. LG Corporation requires a lot of materials. For an example, LG Corporation uses cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) to make LCD screens. Without materials, a company cannot make any of those items which the company produces and work will be set to a halt. Therefore, without the CCFLs LG Corporation is unable to produce the LCD screens and the production of LCD screens will be stopped. LG Corporation is also up to date with the e latest energy saving and environment friendly materials. Equipment refers to the items used to produce or increase productivity. LG Corporation uses a lot of equipment to increase productivity as well as reduce work needed to be done by their staff. For an example, staff at LG Corporation uses laptops and computers to increase productivity so they do not need to print and file up so many documents as the documents can be stored in the systems server. For their external environment, LG Corporation is able to maintain the main three contents of external environment which are competition, technology and ecosystem. Competition refers to companies which produce similar products which the company is competing to be the better producer. Among the ways to get more buyers is to reduce the price of the item. LG Corporation has many competitors. Among them are Samsung, HTC, Acer, Hitachi, Philips, and many more. To be ahead of their competitors, LG Corporation has to be innovative and produce new technology or items faster than their competitors. For an example, LG is releasing the first Windows Mobile 7 phone before HTC. Without competition, a company is considered to be king and will dominate the market with a particular product or service. They could take advantage and sell their products for a higher price. Technology refers to the new application of science. Technology is important to our lives as it makes work easier and gets done faster. LG Corporation also uses and produces new technologies. In the year 2000, LG Corporation launched their first Internet refrigerator. This refrigerator has a 37 centimetre touch-screen LCD monitor and uses can listen to music, make phone or video phone calls as it has a camera and microphone attached to it, watch TV, surf the Internet and even use the fridge as a whiteboard. Without technology, we would require more energy to do work as well as work takes a longer time and more effort. Ecosystem refers to the biological and non-biological things in an environment. Nowadays, people are becoming aware of the ecological problems around of us. Therefore many companies have become aware of their role to the environment. LG Corporation also has their eco-friendly products. LG released the GD510 phone nicknamed pop which a phone that runs on solar energy. Besides that, LG also released another phone called Remarq which is a phone made from 87 percent of recycled materials and 19 percent of it is recycled plastic. Conclusion: In summary, we discussed about the Internet social changes, Changing Natural of Organisation and Business organisation and its Environment. These are the three main points that Company of LG following. We believe that, if each company with respect to these arguments can be a success company with a high profit for future.

Robert Frost :: essays research papers

Case Study on Robert Frost From the later 1800’s (1874) to the middle 1900’s (1963), Robert Frost gave the world a window to view the world through poetry. From “A Boy’s Will'; to “Mountain Interval,'; he has explored many different aspects of writing. Giving us poems that define hope and happiness to poems of pure morbid characteristics; all of Robert Frost’s poems explain the nature of living. But why does Frost take two totally different views in his poems? Is it because of his basic temperament or could it be that his attitude towards life changed in his later years?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the life of Robert Frost, many different kinds of struggles where manifested in his life that hampered his every thought. Some say that Frost went from a “bright and sunny day'; to “a dreary night.'; But even with all of the animosities that plagued his life, Robert Frost evolved to become one of America’s greatest poets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frost’s poems were not respected in the United States at the time that he first began writing. But after a brief stay in England, Frost emerged as one of the most extraordinary writers in his time. Publishing A Boy’s Will and North Of Boston, Frost began his quest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the book A Boy’s Will, Frost writes poems of hope and beauty. “Love and a Question,'; illustrates the optimistic view of a bridegroom trying to help a poor man. He thinks that he should help him, but not knowing if he can. His heart shows compassion but his minds shows logic. The conclusion of this poem shows not true ending, but leaves the reader in a state of imagining what was to happen to the poor man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So much of the true Frost can be seen in his poem, “The Vantage Point'; (A Boy’s Will). In these verses, Frost reveals his basic interests – mankind and nature. What’s more, he clearly exposes his strategy of immersing himself in nature until he begins to need social relations again; likewise, when he has his fill of mankind, he retreats back to the comfort and solitude of nature. “And if by noon I have too much of these (men), I have but to turn on my arm, and so, the sun-burned hillside sets my face aglow.'; Frost wants neither mankind nor nature to the exclusion of the other. Rather be prefers to spend time with each, satisfied that he will know when he’s had his fill.

Children And Play In The First Essay -- essays research papers

Child’s Play: The First Two Years of Life In the first two years of life play is both a reflection of and an influence on all areas of infant development: intellectual, social, emotional and physical. Play is a central, all–encompassing characteristic of infant development, allowing children to learn about the world and themselves. Even during the first half-year of life infant’s really do play, even though the interpretation of what is play and what is exploration must first be established. The focus of this paper is to discuss three forms of play that occur during the first two years of life. The work of Jean Piaget and other psychologists in supporting and developing these ideas is critical. The first of these is sensorimotor play which begins with the infant’s accidental discovery of an activity that is inherently satisfying, and consists of the continuos repetition of that activity for the sheer joy of doing so (Hughes, 1991). The second is play with objects involves the intentional handling of an o bject that leads to satisfaction from the handling. Finally symbolic play is the use of mental representation, in which one object represents another (Hughes, 1991). Exploration or Play?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The differences between play and exploration can be difficult to assess. When infants are exploring their surroundings, they are usually cautious and serious. While examining an item during exploration an infant would smell, taste and perhaps rub the item against his/her cheek in a ritualistic manner. In play however, an infant would jump from one object to another without care, and play activities are completely devoid of the rigidity previously described.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally, when children explore their entire attention is drawn on the object begin explored. Their heart rates are steady, and they are unwilling to be interrupted. Yet, during play the children’s heart rate is variable and they are interrupted easily (Hughes, 1991). It should be easier to tell the difference between play and exploration using these behavioral differences as a guideline. Sensorimotor Play   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first year of life consists of what Jean Piaget called sensorimotor play or practice play (Piaget, 1962), the repetition of already assimilated sensory or motor activities for the sheer pleasure of doing so. Piaget suggests th... ... even more sophisticated, as children combine objects in play, use them appropriately, and begin incorporating them into symbolic play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Symbolic play is characterized by a serious of levels that suddenly appear in the second year. Further development is seen as each level is symbolic play is explored. Decentration refers to the degree that a child is able to shift focus from self to external objects. Decontextualization refers to the use of one object as a substitute for another, and integration is the organization of play into complex patterns. References Garvey, C. (1990). Play. Cambridge: Harvard University. Hughes, F. P. (1991). Children, play and development. Boston: Allyn/Bacon. Piaget, J. (1962). Play, dreams, and imitation in childhood. New York: Norton. Piaget, J. (1963). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: Free Press. Rosenblatt, D. (1977). Developmental trends in infant play. In B. Tizard & D. Harvey   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Eds.), The biology of play. Philadelphia: Lippincott. Sheridan, M.D. (1977). Spontaneous play in early childhood from birth to six years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  England: NFER Publishing.

Mining Excellence at Redmond Minerals Essay

The HR department now must attain and evaluate each employee contributions to the company on a scale relevant to their position. This is where a high performance work system comes in to play which creates the best possible fit between their employee social system and their equipment technical system. This function of having a high performance work system is based on the reliance of knowledge workers, the empowerment of employees to make decisions, and the use of team work. The HRM practice has to incorporate various measures to create outlets for performance management, training, work design, and compensation to demonstrate the importance for successful output. This in turn allows HRM to focus on the strategy of the company putting emphasis growth and efficiency; allowing the department to implement total quality management practices. Those practices consist of methods and processes that are designed to meet the needs of internal and external customers, every employee in the organization receives quality training, quality is designed into a product or service so that errors are prevented from occurring rather than being detected and corrected in an error-prone product or service, the organization promotes cooperation with vendors/suppliers/and customers to improve quality and hold costs down, and managers measure progress with feedback based on data. (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, & Wright, 2009, p. 7) This practice is also parallel to the reengineering of the company new product focus plan, instead of focusing low costs and low prices the focus became concentrated on unique products which catered to a unique target market of consumers. This will prompt the HR department to help design and implement change so that all employees will be committed to the success of the reengineered organization. This may require additio nal training for the new restructuring of their new product line and will give everyone an opportunity to feel comfortable with the new way of operation. Suggestions for Internet Improvements At the organizational level, a successful Human Resources Development program prepares the individual to undertake a higher level of work, â€Å"organized learning over a given period of time, to provide the possibility of performance change† (Nadler 1984). In these settings, Human Resources Development is the framework that focuses on the organizations competencies at the first stage, training, and then developing the employee, through education, to satisfy the organizations long-term needs and the individuals’ career goals and employee value to their present and future employers. Human Resources Development can be defined simply as developing the most important section of any business its human resource by attaining or upgrading employee skills and attitudes at all levels to maximize enterprise effectiveness. The people within an organization are its human resource. Human Resources Development from a business perspective is not entirely focused on the individual’s growth and development, â€Å"development occurs to enhance the organization’s value, not solely for individual improvement. Individual education and development is a tool and a means to an end, not the end goal itself†. (Elwood F. Holton II, James W. Trott Jr Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, Vol. 12, No. 2, p7). The broader concept of national and more strategic attention to the development of human resources is beginning to emerge as newly independent countries face strong competition for their skilled professionals and the accompanying brain-drain they experience. If I was tapped for the job of HR Specialist, three ideas that I would suggest in utilizing the internet for HRM would be to use a â€Å"human resource information system† which a computer system used to acquire, store, manipulate, analyze, retrieve, and distribute information related to an organizations human resource. I would also suggest an electronic human resource management application which allows employees to enroll and participate in training programs online, as well as elect benefits packages and read company news. Another aspect to include the technological aspect of HR would be for the basis of record keeping and information sharing. I would implement a â€Å"self service† which means employees have online access to info about HR such as training, compensation, and contracts. My ideas support Roberts’s ideas of running the company because he took on the responsibility of making his employees a priority. He understood the makeup of the niche company and the important resourced asset that will differentiate his product line from his competitors. His ability to be receptive to suggestions from his employees along with giving them the ability to be empowered in their position shows trust in his employees attributes that they will positively add to the success of the company. By creating an open growth focused atmosphere it will stimulate productivity and allow creative ideas to be a foundation for present and future employees to stand on. Willingness to Change From the reading the original owners felt that empowering their employees as a risky move so their stockholding shares were sold to Robert. I believe that Robert’s strategy prompted change and realizing that in order to accomplish goals of the company that his people must be in the forefront. People are your most important asset, because technology, products, and structures can be copied by competitors. No one can match highly charged motivated people that care about the operation of your business and talented creative human capital is the prime ingredient for organizational success. Before within the company it appeared as if the employees under previous management were overworked and underappreciated which caused for lack of growth and stagnated direction overall. By understanding the attitudes of your employees and presenting an atmosphere that is conclusive to the strengthening of a positive work related environment your customers will ultimately reap the benefits and will be the basis for customer retention. The more top management wants an internal commitment from its employees, the more it must involve employees in defining work objectives, specifying how to achieve them and how they will be rewarded and recognized once attained. Reference Noe, R. , Hollenbeck, J. , Gerhart, B. , ; Wright, P. (2009). Trends in Human Resource Management. In J. Weimeister (Ed. ), Fundamentals of Human Resource Management (p. 36). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Nursery Nurse

Explain different transitions children and young people may experience from 0-19 years and how adults can support them through them. Babies weaning – young children may not like their new routine, such as different sleep patterns, different foods, not as much milk, Children may begin to have disturbed sleep patterns, be more irritable whilst awake and less motivated to try new foods. Its good through this stage of their transitions that the parents remain calm and keep a soft voice at all times to prevent the child from getting distressed.To help the child with sleep patterns, play calm soothing music, make it a calm environment (classical music helps) and a dark room. To help them with different foods, try encouraging them with making sounds like ‘mmm’ and ‘yummy’ you can also try some of their food and make smiley faces to indicate that it’s nice to eat. Crawling to walking- when a child starts to walk, they can become distressed that they ar en’t getting to where they want to, parents can help this with holding their hands to gain balance. hen their baby is starting to walk, parents should make the environment safe and secure Potty training- The reassurance that nappies offer can be enormous for both child and parent, for some children it is more difficult recognising the signs of needing the toilet. Supportive relationships understand that when their child has an accident, they are to show that it's okay. That they can be cleaned up, everyone moves on and reassurance is given for trying again the next time.Starting Nursery- When children don’t want to leave parents or are feeling unwell, separation can be a very upsetting for them. Starting nursery can be daunting for children. Supportive relationships help children through this potentially difficult time by reassuring the child that it's ok to be upset at leaving their parent/carer, you know how much they love them, that you also have fun activities plan ned and would they like to join you. Supporting this transition is for the child's independence, their ability to deal with times of separation.Going up a year in primary school- can be scary for some children, having a new class room with new children, new teacher and a different environment. Supporting children across the school by adults making themselves known to children. Personalities, attitude and approach will reassure the children on the type of support they could expect. Starting secondary school- starting secondary school is a completely different emotion to starting primary school, secondary school is a lot igger, full of bigger and older children, this can be distressing for new children and year 7s who have just started. Making a positive attitude to starting their new school is the best thing a parent can do, encourage them to start clubs to make friends and feel more comfortable in their environment. Teachers could help as well by keeping a close eye on the children, helping them to be confident, getting them the join in on group activities. Puberty- can be a horrible experience for children both girls and boys especially for those who start earlier than others.Parents and carers should help to make understand that what happens and goes on in puberty is perfectly normal and that everyone at some stage will go through the same, teachers could help make children more aware by teaching the class all about puberty, so when the time happens they’ll know what to do. Bereavements- is a sad time in a family’s household, it’s an extremely emotional stage in peoples life, children may be upset as they would of lost someone they had loved and to see their family upset is also a hard thing to see.Parents and carers can help their children to realise that death is a part of life even if it is sad and upsetting to go through. Moving house- is a big part in a child’s life, sometimes it can lead to moving schools as well, which is d ouble as hard as it should have been, moving home is not nice to go through as children get attached easily, also they would remember all the memories they’ve had their, whereas others may want to leave their house to a new one.Parents can help by letting them know that they will make new friends and that they are going to love their new home just as much as their old one. New baby- having a new baby can be extremely hard to deal with, the child may feel left out and neglected if their parents aren’t spending enough time with them and just with the baby, this can cause problems at school where they become disruptive to gain attention back of their parents. Parents and carers can help deal with this if they make sure that they are spending just as much time with their child as well as the new baby.

Religions Must Update Themselves Essay

Many people in the Modern world believe that religious books and laws must be changed to fit the lives of those that live in the 21st century; in this essay I shall argue both sides and come to a final decision on whether or not they should update themselves. One of the many religions that is constantly thought of as out of date or no longer relevant to society is Christianity. This is as the Christian religious book (the Bible) is full of laws (especially the Old Testament) that no longer work well for certain situations or make sense to the logical mind. An example of this is Exodus 21:2 NCV, which says â€Å"If you buy a Hebrew slave, he will serve you six years. In the seventh year you are to set him free, and he will have to pay nothing. † Number one slavery is not only looked down upon by the general public but is also illegal so laws on how to own and release a slave is not only useless to people of this day and age but it could also be seen as hypocritical for a God whom Christians claim to be so loving and kind to condone something as wrong as the owning of a slave. Another verse that appears illogical to non-Christians is 1 Corinthians 14:34 NIV in which Paul writes to the following in Corinth saying â€Å"Women should keep quiet in the Church meetings. They are not allowed to speak, but they must yield to this rule as the law says. † This is straight out sexism; Sexism by dictionary definition is discrimination based on a person’s sex discrimination includes being excluded from or forced to perform a certain action because of sex etc. This is what is happening here, women are not being allowed to talk in church because they are women; yet there are women pastors and evangelists and I have definitely heard several women talking during my visits to church. This raises the question of how ordinary people are to take this rule seriously and think it relevant when Christians themselves ignore it. Most people see these verses and immediately conclude that the Bible is not only out of date but also out of touch with current laws and regulations. It is easy to ake a verse out of the Bible without linking it to the rest of the chapter or considering the history which lead to it. Here are some examples of verses that show the Bible is as modern as can be. A verse that makes more sense to non-Christians and helps to prove the point that the Bible is not out of date is Exodus 21:12 NCV â€Å"Anyone who hits a person and kills him must be put to death. † This makes perfect sense. The verse mirrors not only the judicial system; that every wrong or illegal action has to be paid for but also mirrors simple logic that bad people have to pay for the bad things they do. It is the most basic and un-updateable human impulse for right and wrong to be paid equally. Another verse that helps argue the idea that the Bible is not out of date is Leviticus NCV 19:9-10 â€Å"When you harvest your crops on your land, do not harvest all the way to the corners of your fields. If grain falls onto the ground, don’t gather it up. † What would happen in Israelite times was that any grain dropped during the harvest would be picked up by the homeless. This was a form of charity towards those who were less privileged. Being charitable is something that has only become popular in the last few years yet here are the Israelites doing it so regularly it has become normal. I believe that the Bible is in fact modern and its laws are still relevant today but you have to be able to change it to fit modern language. For example one of the Ten Commandments is â€Å"Thou shalt not bear false witness against your neighbour. † This literally means you shouldn’t lie. I believe that that is the way you have to approach all the laws in the Bible not changing the meaning but changing the words to something that’s understandable.

Tok Reflection

TOK Reflection One the first lesson of Theory of Knowledge (TOK), we got a booklet called ‘The Nature of knowledge’. This booklet talked about how knowers know, how knowers we should consider a piece of information we get. The booklet suggested that when we get a piece of information we have to judge it on whether it is the truth and whether we should believe it. Just believing in the piece of information is not enough because you need a justification. Second-hand knowledge, cultural tradition, school, Internet, and expert opinion can obtain the justification.Further continuing the studies of TOK, we found out more about the subject, starting with the ways of knowing. The four types of ways of knowing are reason and logic, emotion, sense perception, and language. For the first quarter we have focused on Sense Perception. In sense perception we focused on the 6 senses, which are: touch, sight, smell, hearing, taste, proprioception. During one of these lessons, we conducte d an interesting survey of which sense would you as a person would be willing to live without. The results show that most of the class would be willing to live without the sense of smell.In relation to the topic of what people believe in, we made a list of things people believe to be true. Using this list we made a ranking of how many people would have to see it for you to believe in it as well or you would actually have to see it for yourself before you believe it. We have watched quite a few documentaries in the quarter. In my opinion the documentary about the guy using echolocation to ride a bike, was one of the most fascinating things I have seen. I find this interesting because even with his disadvantage of being blind, he has somehow found an alternative method to move about and do normal things in life.This video relates to the topic we were currently studying which was sense perception. It shows us how important our senses are and that there are people who can live without o ne of their senses. People can use one of their alternative senses instead when they can’t use one of their senses. I think the sense of sight is one of the most important senses because you need sight to do almost everything and the fact that this guy can live without it amazes me. Another documentary that we watched, was when they tried out an experiment on a few willing people.The experiment was to block out the sense of sight for a certain amount of time and monitor the reactions of people over a certain period of time. At the same time, another group of willing people were chosen to have blocked out the sense of touch, sight, and sound. From this experiment I learned that many people get agitated very easily because they have don’t have a sense. The people with the sense of sight, touch, and sound just remained lying on the bed as they couldn’t feel anything therefore they did not know where they would be going if they moved.One of the first documentaries w e watched was about optical illusions. The questions we were focusing on were ‘Under what circumstances should I trust my senses’ and ‘under what circumstances should I doubt my senses’. From that video I learned that the circumstances when we should trust our senses is to think whether foo is rotten or not, whether or not to use your eyes to navigate, and touching hot or sharp objects. The circumstances that you should doubt your senses is when there are mirages, optical illusions, during a magic show, under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol.The latest documentary that we watched was about the new topic that we started for quarter 2 which is Language. This documentary talked about all the different signs and actions that people do in various cultures and what they mean. For example, one of the actions that Indian people are prone to do is the shaking of the head from side to side. This action means a yes in the Indian culture but to people who have nev er seen this actions before it look like a mixture of a yes and a no, like a maybe sign.This video was interesting because some of the normal signs we show such as the good luck sign, with the thumb pointing outwards, mean different things in different areas and cultures in the world. The many documentaries we watched helped me learn better and I think I have learned the most out of them mostly because I am a visual learner. On lessons when we didn’t watched movies, we had a lot of discussions within the class. These discussions were about how to know what were are seeing is true, and how to believe what to see.During one of the lessons we had a note taking session about sense perception. This was a slideshow that talked to us about what sense perception is and how it is influenced. I learned that sense perception is influenced by past experiences, which can condition you to expect certain things. Since it is influence by the past you may than see what you expect to see, rath er than what is really there. Your sense perception can be influenced by your social and cultural conditioning, which may give you certain prejudices.I can also be influenced by you spatial awareness, which will try to relate shapes to patterns with which you’re already familiar. It is influence by your biological limitations, which prevent you from hearing certain sounds or tasting certain chemicals. It can also be influenced by what you already know and how your brain already works. Perception may make you see what is not there and is affected when the brain filters out signals in order to prevent overload. Perception is affect by your self-perception, which makes you interpret information in relation to your self-image.I don’t think this presentation helped me learn that much, as it didn’t give me any examples and was more of information that we need to learn. The last thing that we did was the presentation. This presentation was on a topic of our choice and we had create a Knowledge issue, research about a real life situation and come up with economical, educational, moral, religious, and social views about our topic. This presentation is really helpful because it will be similar to the final one we do to gain the 3 bonus points in IB.