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Chapters 5 and 6 Study Guide1. For the Romans, _________ Italys __________ geography made capital of Italy a natural crossroads and an bea easy to defend. P1142. capital of Italy was established in the depression millennium B. C. on the plain of __________ plain of Latium ___________. P1143. All of the sp ar-time activity ab place the Etruscans are decline expelled many of capital of Italys patrician class and established a re unrestricted in Rome in 509 B. C. p. 114-115 a. settled north of Rome. b. select alphabetic language from the Greeks before 600 B. C. c. had begun to decline by 480 B. C. . civilized Rome by turning it into a true city. 4. ______________ Rome ____________ set a preceding(prenominal) for treating its vanquished foes after forming the Roman Confederation by offering the most favored onlyied peoples full Roman citizenship, thus giving them a stake in successful Roman expansion. p. 1205. _____________ Romes ______s conquest of the Italian peninsula by 264 B. C. can be attributed in part to superb diplomacy. p. 1216. In defeating the ___________ Greek ____________ city-states in southern Italy, Rome had to fight the soldiers of King Pyrrhus, sent against them by the Greeksp. 207. The Roman ____________ Dictator _____________ was a temporary executive during the conclusion of the Republic and exercised unlimited power for a period of usually six months. p. 1178. Executive authority or ___________ imperium ___________ during the Roman Republic was held by the consuls and praetors. p. 1179. As Rome expanded, it became Roman policy to govern the provinces with officials known as ______________ proconsuls __________ and propraetors. p. 11710. The ___________ paterfamilias ________ in Roman society was the male head of the ho habithold. p. 11811.Originally the Roman ________ Senate __________ could only advise the magistrates in legal matters. p. 11712. In their struggle with the patricians, Roman __________ plebeins ____________emplo yed which of the by-line tactics a physical withdrawal from the state down the stairscutting its armed forces manpower and the formation of popular assemblies to third house for more semi policy-making reforms. p. 11813. The _______ twelve _______ Tables was/were the first formal codification of Roman law and customs. p. 118-11914. The following statements about the Roman armies in the early Republic are correct. . 125 a. All soldiers were citizens. b. Most soldiers were farmers. c. Soldiers were enrolled for only a year. d. In the fourth blow BCE there were four legions, each consisting of 4,000 to 5,000 men. 15. The _________ Carthaginians __________originated from Phoenician Tyre. p. 121 16. The immediate cause of the low Punic War was Rome sending an army to_______ Sicily ____________. p. 12217. As a result of the First Punic War the Carthaginians were forced to withdraw from ___________ Sicily _____________ and pay an indemnification to Rome. . 12218. During the S econd Punic War, ____________ Scipio Africanus _______________ expelled the Carthaginians from Spain and later won the decisive Battle of Zama. p. 12419. The Second Punic War saw Carthage carry a land war to Rome by crossing the _____ Alps ____. p. 12320. The Roman senator who led the movement for the discern destruction of Carthage was ___ Cato ____. P. 12421. The result of the _________ Third Punic War ____________ Punic War was the complete destruction and subjugation of Carthage. p. 12422.It can best be said that __________ Roman _____________ imperial expansion was highly opportunistic, responding to unanticipated military threats and possibilities for glory. p. 12423. The head of the Roman apparitional observances was______ the pontifex maximus _______. p. 12724. In Roman __________ religion ______________, a right relationship with the gods was achieved by accurate performance of rituals and festivals. p. 12725. Roman religious practices included a. a college of priests to carry out rituals correctly. b. the adoption of certain Greek gods like Apollo. p. 2726. With regards to Roman schooling, education stressed training in __________ Greek _______________ and conquest of rhetoric, or persuasive public speaking. p. 12827. By the latter Republic, Roman slaves oftentimes worked on the Roman _______house hold workers___________. p. 12928. Roman ________upper________-class women typically had some independent legal rights and property. p. 13129. In Rome, the male family head, the paterfamilias, couldp. 129 a. shit his children. b. put his children to death. c. arrange the marriages of all offspring. d. divorce his wife. 30.The Romans most noticeable innovations in art and culture were found in __________ architecture _____________ and ____________ engineering ___________. p. 13331. The reforms of Gaius and Tiberius ________________ Gracchus _______________resulted in pull ahead inst index and violence as they polarized various social groups. p. 13632. The __________ equites ____________were a wealthy and ambitious class of Romans who appeared in the late Republic. p. 135 33. ______________ Sulla ___________s legacy and magnificence was that he employed his personal army in political disputes, paving the way toward Roman civil war. . 13734. Among the dangerous military innovations of _______ Marius _______________threatening the Republic, one finds he recruited gratis(p) volunteers who swore an oath of allegiance only to him. p. 13635. Cicero a. believed in a concord of the orders. b. was a new man of the equestrian order. c. was a heavy(p) orator and capable lawyer. d. advocated a balanced government of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. p. 13836. Julius ____________ Caesar ______________led military commands in Spain and especially Gaul that enhanced his popularity. p. 13837.The First Triumvirate included____ Caesar____, ___ Crassus____, and___ Pompey____. p. 138 Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey.38. By crossi ng the___________ Rubicon ____________, Caesar showed that he was willing to disobey the run orders of the Senate. p. 13939. The Roman Senate under _____________ Augustus ______________was retained as the political boss deliberative body of the Roman state. p. 14840. The absolute monarchical powers of Augustus as princeps led to a. the usual victory of his candidates in official elections. b. the decline of popular participation in elections. c. his great popularity, as he followed proper legal forms for his power. p. 14941. Augustus held the titles of imperator, ____________imperium____________, tribune, and prineps. p. 148-14942. The Roman ________ praetorian _______________ guards were elite troops inclined the task of protecting the emperor butterfly. p. 15043. Under the rule of______________ Augustus _____________, the Roman Empire turned towards an absolute monarchy, with the princeps overshadowing the Senate. p. 14844. The event that curtailed _____________ Augustuss ________________s expansionist policies was the defeat by Varus in the Teutoburg Forest. . 15145. Romanization in Roman empire occurred quickly in the __________West________. P. 158 atomic number 7446. Among Augustus most important actions in the area of Roman religion was his creation of an imperial ___________Cult_______________. p. 15247. The city on the Tiber that was Romes chief port was________ Ostia _______________. p. 15848. Livy was best known in the Augustan Age for his __________ History of Rome ___________ in 142 books. p. 15349. Ovids ___________ The Art of Love _________________ caused great displeasure to Augustus and led to Ovids eventual(prenominal) exile. p. 52-15350. The golden age historian ___________ Livy ______________is well known for his perceiving history in terms of sharp moral lessons. p. 15351. The successor to Augustus and first of the Julio-Claudian rulers was_________ Tiberius ____________. p. 15452. The Julio-Claudian emperors varied in ability and effectiveness. p. 15453. During the reigns of the _____________ Julio-Claudian ____________ emperors, Emperors took more and more actual ruling power away from the old Senate. p. 15454. The first of the Flavian emperors was___________ Vespasian _______________. . 15455. The correct order of the cardinal good emperors is _______ Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pious, Marcus Aurelius _____. p. 15556. All of the following occurred during the reigns of the five good emperors a. being a period of peace for 100 years. b. the establishment of educational programs for the poor. c. extensive building programs. d. being an era of prosperity. p. 15557. Trade and commerce in the proterozoic Empire stimulated manufacturing, concentrated some industries in certain areas, was secondary in importance to ____ agriculture ___. . 16058. The good emperor Marcus Aurelius was regarded as a philosopher king deeply influenced by the principles of _______ Stoicism _____________. p. 15559. The l argest area of Roman innovation in architecture was the use of ___________ concrete ____________on a massive scale. p. 16260. Imperial Romes _______ gladiatorial ________shows were government- fouled spectacles used to content the masses. p. 16461. The two Roman cities that destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A. D. were Pompeii and _______ Herculaneum _________. p. 16662.Among the upper classes of the Early Empire ______ women _____ had appreciable freedom and independence. p. 16763. The early values of___________ Christianity ____________, as exemplified in Jesus sermon on the mount, emphasized devotion to the values of humility, charity, and true brotherly love. p. 17164. Early ___ Christianity ______ was molded into a broader religious movement by Paul of Tarsus. p. 17165. The emperor who said, Live in harmony, make the soldiers rich, and dont give a damn for anything else was____ Septimius Severus ________. p. 16966.The late third century emperor who reconquered a nd reestablished order in the east and along the Danube and who was known as the restorer of the world was_____ Aurelian ______. p. 16967. The two Roman emperors who notably persecuted the Christian minority were ____ Decius _______ and ____ Diocletian ______. p. 176 NOTEThe correct answers are provided for numbers 3, 14, 25, 29, 35, 40, 52, and 56.Chapters 7, 8 and 9 Study Guide1. The Edict of _________ Milan ________ was Constantines document officially tolerating the existence of Christianity.P1822. The Council of ________ Nicaea ____________ in 325 defined Christ as being of the akin substance as God. P1833. The heresy of Arianism questioned the divinity of ______ Jesus _______. P1834. In the late fourth century, the Visigoths and other Germanic tribes, were pushed into the Balkans region of the Eastern Roman Empire because of drag from the _______ Huns ______. P1845. ________ Theodoric ________, the Ostrogothic king who took control of Italy, was determined to maintain Roman customs and practices in Italy. P1886.After the death of _______ theodoric ________, the Ostrogothic kingdom was defeated by the Byzantines, reducing Rome as a center of Mediterranean culture. P1887. The Frankish palace official, Charles Martel, successfully defended the civilization of the new Hesperian europiuman kingdoms in 732 by defeating Muslim armies in 732 and driving them back to Spain. P1898. Guilt under Germanic customary law was determined by compurgation and ordeal. P1909. Frankish marriage customs placed strong sanctions (sometimes death) on adulterous _________ women _________. P19110. The pontiff who supposedly caused Attila and the Huns to turn away from Rome was ___Leo 1_______. P19411. The Petrine Doctrine was the belief that the bishops of Rome held a preeminent position in the church. P19312. Augustine did all of the followingP192-193 a. write Confessions. b. use pagan culture in the service of Christianity. c. advocate marriage for the procreation of ch ildren as a good alternative for Christians incapable of upholding the ideal of celibacy as a means to holiness. d. author The City of God. 13. Augustines Confessions was written as an account of his own miraculous personal conversion. P19214. Saint Jerome, is known for all of the followingP193 a. his mastery of Latin prose. b. his skills as a linguist. c. his translations of the Old and New Testaments from Hebrew and Greek into Latin. d. becoming one of the Latin Fathers of the Church. 15. The father of hermit monasticism was ______ St. Anthony ____________. P19516. The basic rule for western monastic living was developed by ___ benedict __________. P19517. Benedictine monasticism is characterized byP196 a. an ideal of moderation. b. the communal life. c. isolated, self-sustaining communities. d. vows and rules. 18. The Apostle to the Germans and the most famous churchman in atomic number 63 in the eighth century was ______ Boniface __________. P19819. In 597, Pope G regory the Great sent the monk, Augustine, to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons. P19720. Pope Gregory the Great was responsible for all of the followingP194 a. creating the overblown States. b. recognizing the Byzantine emperor as the rightful ruler of Italy. c. supporting the work of Christian missionaries in England. d. becoming Bishop of Rome. 21.The primary instrument of Pope Gregory for converting the Germanic peoples of europium was____ monastic movement ________. P19522. The greatest difference between Irish Christianity and Roman Christianity was in Irish church organization, giving Irish abbots more power than bishops. P19723. ane of the greatest nuns of the seventh monastery, and founder of the Whitby monastery was ___ St. Hilda _________. P19824. The great Christian scholar of late antiquity, ________ Cassiodorus ______________, divided the seven liberal arts into the trivium and quadrivium. According to Cassiodorus, the trivium includes grammar, hetoric, and dialectic or logic. P20025. Justinians military conquests under the general, Belisarius, were __ Vandal Kingdom in North Africa _and Italian peninsula occupying sicily________________________. P20126. Justinians most important contribution to Western civilization was his_____ codification of the law ______. P20227. The Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of Civil Law) compiled under Justinian was the last Byzantine contribution to the west to be written in Latin. P20228. The woman whose support put down the Nika Revolt against Justinians rule in 532 was_________ Theodora _____. P20329.The following are great buildings in the city of ConstantinopleP204 a. Hagia Sophia b. Hippodrome c. Royal Palace d. b and d30. During the period of the Roman Empire, the Arabian Peninsula was dominated by the ____ bedouin nomads ______. P20631. The cardinal principle of the Islamic assurance is that there is only God and his prophet is ________ Muhammad ___________. P20732. Muhammads flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 is known as the _______ Hegira ______. P20733. The following are similarities between Christianity and IslamP207 a. each(prenominal) of the faiths had a holy book. b. Both religions were monotheistic. c. Both religions had as part of their scriptures divine revelation. d. Both religions envisioned heaven or paradise for believers.34. The successors to Muhammads leadership of the Muslims were known as______ caliphs ______. P20835. Muslim societies abide by a strict code of law, much of it derived from the holy book Quran, and regulating all aspects of Muslim life. This law code is called ______ Sharia. ____. P207-20836. The Muslim dynasty that presume power after the assassination of Muhammads son-in-law, Ali, and moved the capital to capital of Syria was the ______ Umayyad __________.P 20937. In the Early heart and soul Ages, the cultivation of new land was hard because the forests of Europe were so thick and crude tools of the era made land clearing arduous. P21438. In the early Middle Ages, Germanic tribes newly converted to Christianity still held pagan beliefs such as trees were sacred beings and could not be cut down. P21439. The first Frankish king to be anointed in holy ceremony by an agent of the pope was _____ Pepin _______. P21440. Charlemagnes most disappointing military campaign came against the _______ Basques __________. P21541.The coronation of ___________ Charlemagne _____________ in 800 as emperor of the Romans symbolized the fusion of Roman, Germanic, and Christian cultures. P21842. Regarding sexuality, the Catholic Church in the Early Middle Ages could not enforce clerical celibacy. P22043. Socially and culturally, the churchs advocacy of indissoluble marriage resulted in the development of the nuclear family at the expense of the extended family. P22044. Medicine in the Early Middle Ages and medicine in earlier pagan times used __medicines and natural practices with appeals for other-worldly help, magical rites and i nfluences were used_______.P22345. Carolingian society was marked by all of the followingP222 a. the use of bleeding to cure illness. b. different patterns of consumption of foodstuffs among rich and poor. c. the vices of gluttony and drunkenness. d. considerable violence. 46. What was the name of the treaty that divided the Carolingian Empire in 843? P224_______________ treaty of Verdun___________47. The division of Europe into three kingdoms after the death of Louis the Pious led to an incessant struggle between Louis the German, Charles the Bald, and their heirs over disputed territories. P22448.The following statements are true of the VikingsP226-227 a. Their iron weapons and superior shipbuilding were largely responsible for their successful raids. b. Their raids and settlements aided the growth of fief-holding. c. Christianity assimilated them into European civilization. d. They came from Scandinavia. 49. One of the most famous Vikings, who discovered Greenland, was ___ Erik the Red. ____. P22850. In Western Europe, the chief political repercussion of frequent Viking raids was an increase in the power of local aristocrats to whom threatened populations turned for effective protection.P22851. Feudalism of medieval Europe was primarily a complex system of vassalage by which the weak sought protection and sustenance from powerful local nobles. P22852. The hierarchical fief-holding system in which vassals in turn had vassals owing them services was known as _____ subinfeudation ______. P22953. The major obligation of the lord to the _____ vassal ____ was economic support and protection either militarily or through grants of land. P22954. Under _____ feudalism _______of the Early Middle Ages the major obligation of a vassal to his lord was to provide military service. P22955. The ____ Slavs _________ were originally a single people in central Europe. P23656. The Swedish Vikings-the Varangians-became known or assimilated with which of the follow ing groups ________ Russians ___________. P23757. The ruthless Russian leader responsible for tying Russian political and religious ideals to the Byzantine Empire was _______ Vladimir 1 _______. P23758. The Islamic city in Spain that served as the Umayyad capital was _______ Cordoba ____. P23959. The capital city of the Umayyad Caliphate and center of an Islamic empire was ____ Damascus ______. P23760. The major socio-political change associated with the _______ Abbasid _____ Caliphate is promotion of judges, merchants, and government officials over warriors as ideal citizens. P23861. The Abbasids broke down the distinctions between Arab and non-Arab Muslims. P23762. One consequence of the new agriculture of the Early Middle Ages was the destruction of the ______farmland__________. P24463. The agricultural revolution of the towering Middle Ages was in part brought about by a change from the two-field to the three-field system. P24664. New technological developments in agriculture i mproving productivity of foodstuffs included all of the following a. iron hoes. b. the use of horse shoes. c. the heavy-wheeled, iron-tipped plow (carruca). d. watermills and windmills. P245-24665. List sources of power by medieval farmers? ____ horses, water, windmills and cows _____________________________________________________________. P245-24666. The peasants life during the Middle Ages was largely determined by ________ the seasons. _______. P24667. The basic staple of the peasant diet was ____ bread _________. P24668. The village church was led by local priests who were often barely literate. P24769. The high number of fights and accidents described in medieval court records may plausibly be attributed to the high consumption of ________Alcohol____________. P24770. Male ___ nobles _ of the High Middle Ages were almost solely preoccupied with warfare. P24771. In medieval thought, women were considered by nature subservient and lesser beings than __ men ___. P24972. Th e main part of the medieval fortification was called the _____ moat ________. P24873.The knightly code of ethics known as chivalry included all of the following requirementsP250 a. knights were to fight to defend the church. b. knights were to protect the weak and defenseless. c. harming glory should be the knights highest aim and motivating force. d. knights should fight for their overlords. 74. Combative tournaments involving knights were considered excellent and necessary training for warfare. P25075. Marriages among the aristocracy of the High Middle Ages were expected to establish political alliances between families and increase their wealth. P25076.By the twelfth century, _______ divorce _________ among nobles was not possible except through official recognition that a marriage had never been valid. P25177. The term burg or borough referred to a ______fortress_________. P25478. To protect their interests against nobles, townspeople often formed _______Commune________ . P25579. A major motive contributing to the revolutionary political behavior of European townspeople was their great need for unfettered mobility to conduct trade efficiently. P25580. On the whole, medieval cities tended to be relatively undemocratic the wealthy usually ruled and voted in civic elections. P25581. medieval cities had skylines dominated by the towers of churches, castles, and town halls. P255-25782. A major cause of pollution in medieval cities was the smell and waste of animals and humans. P257-25883. The guild system of medieval European cities did all of the followingP259 a. enforce standards and methods of production for various articles. b. fix prices at which finished goods could be sold. c. set the numbers of people who could enter key trades and the procedures by which they could do so. d. maintain monopolies of production and sales. 84.Drinking water in the cities of the Middle Ages usually came from ____ wells ___. P25985. The first university to be founded in Europe appeared in ___ Bologna ________. P26086. The first university in northern Europe was ______ University of Paris_____________________. P26087. Due to its many cathedral schools, the intellectual center of Europe by the twelfth century was _ France __. P26088. Students in medieval universities often engaged in quarrels with one another and in confrontations with townspeople. P261-26289. Concerning the curriculum of the medieval university students studied the trivium and quadrivium. P260-26190. The renaissance of the twelfth century was primarily caused by circulation in the west in Latin translation of many ancient philosophical and scientific works previously saved by ____ Muslim ____ scholars. P262-26391. The renaissance of the twelfth century saw all of the followingP262-263 a. Muslim scientific discoveries made available to the west. b. scholarly receptiveness to the works of Jewish thinkers. c. a great influx of Aristotles literary works previously avail able only to Arab scholars. d. Islamic Spain being a conduit of scholarly works from ancient Greece and from the Muslim world. 92. The primary preoccupation of ___ Scholasticism ______ was the reconciliation of faith with reason. P26393. The medieval theological debate between the scholastic realists and nominalists centered around the problem of universals and the nature of reality. P26394. The Summa Theologica of Thomas ___ Aquinas _______ raised questions concerning theology and solved them by the dialectical method. P264-26595. The Song of __Roland______ is one of the finest examples of the medieval chanson de geste. P26596. The dominant style of the church architecture in the eleventh and twelfth centuries was ___ romanesque ______. P26697. The following are characteristics of Romanesque architectureP266-267 a. churches in this style were built in rectangular shape b. massive pillars and walls were required for support c. heavy barrel vaults with rounded stone roofs replac ed flat wooden roofs d. hardly a(prenominal) windows. 98. Gothic cathedrals seem to soar upward as light and airy constructions due to all of the following innovations a. ribbed vaults. b. flying buttresses. c. thin walls pierced by huge stained glass windows. d. pointed arches. P26799. The Gothic style of architecture emerged and was perfected in ___ France _____. P268